BRUCE STERLING: Hit Spammers At Their Payment Processors. “Nearly all financial transactions arising from spam operations are handled by just three banks, according to a paper from 15 researchers from the University of California at Berkeley, the University of California at San Diego, the International Computer Science Institute and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. The three banks are Azerigazbank in Azerbaijan, DnB NOR in Latvia, and St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla National Bank in the Caribbean. As potential solutions, the researchers recommend that issuing banks in the US refuse to conduct ‘card not present’ transactions for known spammers.”