MATT WELCH: The Federal Government Botched the Bicentennial Too.
President Lyndon Johnson’s original idea back in 1966 was to use the bicentennial as a showcase for the self-evident glories of…urban renewal. Philadelphia leaders countered with a possible 1976 World Fair, hoping to recapture the glory of the Centennial Exposition a century before. But “an expensive, celebratory international exposition,” noted historian M.J. Rymsza-Pawlowska in The Inclusive Historian’s Handbook, “was out-of-step with the troubled contemporary moment.”
Then came backlash against the heavy-handed ministrations of a vulgar Republican president. Richard Nixon replaced LBJ’s picks on the bipartisan American Revolution Bicentennial Commission with his own cronies and donors, prompting would-be participants to back out of what was shaping up to be a more explicitly partisan exercise. The commission would eventually come under investigation and be replaced by a congressionally authorized American Revolution Bicentennial Administration (ARBA). Then as now, Washington treasured its narcissism of small bureaucratic differences.
The early ’70s being the early ’70s, there was also a dog’s breakfast of sociopolitical movements eager to throw turds in the national punchbowl. “A group called the Bicentennial Without Colonies sought to use the commemoration to point to the disjunction between the ideals and realities of the Revolution, specifically the ongoing inequality, disenfranchisement, and imperialism evidenced by U.S. actions in Puerto Rico,” wrote Rymsza-Pawlowska. “Local and national organizers for the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement were involved in this latter effort and in interviews, speeches, and publications, also drew attention to the federal Bicentennial’s erasure of both the histories of inequality and the contributions of people of color to the nation.” Sometimes the past isn’t a foreign country…
By 1973, the ARBA had largely punted on any grand national gestures, opting instead to dish out grants to whatever state and local celebrations looked promising. Turns out there were lots! Parades and historical re-enactments galore, an odd and oddly moving Bicentennial Wagon Train in reverse to Valley Forge, area dads embarrassing their kids with powdered wigs and theatrical speeches. Not the kind of stuff to send thrills up the legs of New York Times art critics, but that was—maybe still is!—precisely the point.
When 2026 Gen Xers and Gen Jonesers wax nostalgic about the Bicentennial of their youth, part of the lament is for the passing of common culture. As Robert Pondiscio observed recently in Commentary, “we were…living in the last days of the three-network, Time-and-Newsweek world that functioned, for all its flaws and limitations, as a civic commons. When the Bicentennial unfolded, it did so on a shared stage.”
That stage so very much included tacky commercial culture—the Coke ads, 7Up’s 50 Cans for 50 States campaign, the collectible bicentennial quarters. “Much of it was kitschy, crass, and transparently designed to separate Americans from their money,” Pondiscio notes. As if that’s a bad thing!
Pop culture and sports, too, were spitting out spar-spangled ephemera. Yes, there were 1776 and Schoolhouse Rock, though for the latter we tend to remember the winning strains of “No More Kings” and “I’m Just a Bill” more than the problematic Manifest Destiny of “Elbow Room.” But, as importantly, you couldn’t turn on an AM radio without hearing Elton John’s #1 pre-disco banger “Philadelphia Freedom” (fittingly, a song written by one then-closeted icon about the sports team owned by another). The then-peaking American Basketball Association featured a red, white, and blue ball to go with its gravity-defying afros; all major professional sports leagues in 1976 held their All-Star games in Philly.
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